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answer evidence

0x16e94b72...fabf09

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citation payments recorded0.005900USDC

agentic reasoning loop / server judge-strict / 0x55061790cf80cd8d

How does x402 settle reader payments on Arc — exact scheme vs Gateway-batched?

x402 settles reader payments on Arc through two distinct schemes. The 'exact' scheme settles signed EIP-3009 USDC authorizations directly on Arc as a single USDC transfer, making the reader's debit a verifiable on-chain transaction. The Gateway-batched scheme pools multiple signed authorizations together for gasless sub-cent settlement, with payments referenced by a Circle Gateway payment id rather than individual Arc transactions.

3 sources bought / 2 cited / 1 refunded

citations3
receipts3
reader paid0.000000
creator payouts (reader-paid)0.003700
protocol retained (reader-paid)not reader-paid
budget utilizationn/a
latest receipt0x589ade6a...4f51eb
query id0x55061790cf80cd8d
query hash0xdf4ee78ab01142584553c1f8bfc13ce88f8461dbf62b89f868b749b9f34c901a
answer hash0x16e94b7236b935115ff9e36706693a692f6b8ed0fe6da01f36bde2d351fabf09
created at2026-07-06T11:49:59.972Z
record agent modellm
agent modelclaude-haiku-4-5-20251001
server agent modejudge-strict
receipt count3
reader payment hashnot reader-paid
reader paid0.000000 USDC
creator payouts (reader-paid)0.003700 USDC
protocol retained (reader-paid)not reader-paid
budget utilizationn/a

agent accountability

Budget envelope and proof anchors

budget envelope0.006500 USDC
spent on sources0.005900 USDC
unused0.000600 USDC
source cap3/11 bought
covenant policynot published locally
allowed domainsregistered source URLs only
TrackRecord anchornone
SlashBond statusnot published locally
receipt chain hash0x194b0a8e293f278683b7589c8a4eb4942fd535c1efb8e54f4f1147d12a1c75d0

source market

Budgeted citation decision

source budget0.006500
agent spent0.005900
remaining0.000600
market sweep3/11
x402 Settlement Schemes on ArcPayments Protocol Notes / score 38 / 0.001300 USDC
Directly answers the question: explicitly contrasts 'exact' scheme (single Arc USDC transfer) vs Circle Gateway-batched scheme (pooled authorizations, gasless sub-cent settlement). Core source.
CitePay Agent Commerce Network — Hire Specialized AI Agents with USDCCitePay Markets / score 18 / 0.001000 USDC
Agent marketplace on Arc; does not detail x402 settlement or Gateway batching mechanics.
Shadow Float V2 live external agent boardqdee / score 21 / 0.001500 USDC
Shows agent spending and repayment lifecycle on Arc but does not address x402 settlement schemes or Gateway batching.
Keyless Custodial Wallets for ReadersCustodial Wallet Notes / score 20 / 0.001400 USDC
Describes reader-side wallet provisioning (W3S) but does not explain x402 settlement schemes or Gateway batching mechanics. Tangential to the exact/batched comparison.
Lepton RFB NotesCanteen Research / score 17 / 0.001800 USDC
Mentions x402 and nanopayments but focuses on use cases (per article, per call) rather than settlement mechanics or Gateway batching.
Driplet — Pay-Per-Second Live-Stream Monetization on ArcRising Technology / score 14 / 0.001500 USDC
Example application of Arc nanopayments and EIP-3009 relays but does not detail x402 settlement scheme differences or Gateway batching logic.
Gateway Nanopayments PrimerCircle Developer Notes / score 14 / 0.002400 USDC
Explains Gateway batching mechanism (EIP-3009 authorizations, sub-cent values, no per-payment gas). Essential for understanding the batched settlement half of the comparison.
Arc Settlement SketchArc Builder Desk / score 10 / 0.002200 USDC
Establishes Arc's USDC settlement infrastructure and finality model, grounding the 'exact' scheme's on-chain transaction layer. Supports understanding of Arc as settlement layer.
How a Source-Buying Answer Agent WorksAgent Commerce Notes / score 10 / 0.001300 USDC
Describes agent budget allocation and source appraisal; unrelated to x402 payment settlement mechanics.
FeeRouter Split Payouts and ReceiptsReceipt Ledger Notes / score 9 / 0.001600 USDC
Relevant to creator payouts and receipt mechanics but does not directly address x402 settlement schemes or Gateway batching. Secondary to core question.
Citation Economics for AI AnswersIndie Researcher / score 1 / 0.001200 USDC
General principles of citation payments; does not explain x402 or Gateway settlement mechanics.

agent reasoning / planned by claude-haiku-4-5-20251001

Appraise to payout timeline

PASS - All three claims are directly supported by purchased sources. Claim 1 and 2 are backed by x402-settlement-schemes (the primary source on x402's settlement mechanics). Claim 3 is supported by circle-gateway-nano wh

  1. 1
    appraiseAppraised 15 candidates: 3 to buy, 12 to skip.x402-settlement-schemes: Directly answers the question: explicitly contrasts 'exact' scheme (single Arc USDC transfer) vs Circle Gateway-batched scheme (pooled authorizations, gasless sub-cent settlement). Core source. | circle-gateway-nano: Explains Gateway batching mechanism (EIP-3009 authorizations, sub-cent values, no per-payment gas). Essential for understanding the batched settlement half of the comparison. | arc-finality-usdc: Establishes Arc's USDC settlement infrastructure and finality model, grounding the 'exact' scheme's on-chain transaction layer. Supports understanding of Arc as settlement layer.
  2. 2
    allocateAllocated the budget to 3 sources by best yield-adjusted grounding-per-USDC. · spent 0.005900 USDCx402 Settlement Schemes on Arc, Gateway Nanopayments Primer, Arc Settlement Sketch
  3. 3
    draftDrafted an answer with 3 grounded claims.Every claim is tied to a purchased sourceId.
  4. 4
    critiqueVerified every claim is backed by a purchased source.PASS - All three claims are directly supported by purchased sources. Claim 1 and 2 are backed by x402-settlement-schemes (the primary source on x402's settlement mechanics). Claim 3 is supported by circle-gateway-nano wh
  5. 5
    finalFinal answer is restricted to paid citation records.x402 Settlement Schemes on Arc, Gateway Nanopayments Primer, Arc Settlement Sketch
  6. 6
    receiptsWrote 3 source payment receipts into the ledger.0x194b0a8e293f278683b7589c8a4eb4942fd535c1efb8e54f4f1147d12a1c75d0

paid citations

Sources used

x402 Settlement Schemes on Arc

Payments Protocol Notes / 0.001300 USDCSeed/demo content / Seed demo content used for public proof flows. / excerpt 0x73ba7ecb...9cda90Directly answers the question: explicitly contrasts 'exact' scheme (single Arc USDC transfer) vs Circle Gateway-batched scheme (pooled authorizations, gasless sub-cent settlement). Core source.
Source page0x589ade6a...4f51eb

Gateway Nanopayments Primer

Circle Developer Notes / 0.002400 USDCSeed/demo content / Seed demo content used for public proof flows. / excerpt 0x040ead00...888d00Explains Gateway batching mechanism (EIP-3009 authorizations, sub-cent values, no per-payment gas). Essential for understanding the batched settlement half of the comparison.
Source page0x986a7536...b60ab2

Arc Settlement Sketch

Arc Builder Desk / 0.002200 USDCSeed/demo content / Seed demo content used for public proof flows. / excerpt 0x85aff545...4d10e6Establishes Arc's USDC settlement infrastructure and finality model, grounding the 'exact' scheme's on-chain transaction layer. Supports understanding of Arc as settlement layer.
Source page0x194b0a8e...1c75d0

answer receipts

Payment trail

Payments Protocol Notespayment status: accrued -> claimable on-chain / creator recipient 0x7777...7777ledger 0x589ade6a...4f51eb / prev 0x98a44a89...35d0d8
0.001300Arc tx0x589ade6a...4f51eb
Circle Developer Notespayment status: accrued -> claimable on-chain / creator recipient 0x2222...2222ledger 0x986a7536...b60ab2 / prev 0x589ade6a...4f51eb
0.002400Arc tx0x986a7536...b60ab2
Arc Builder Deskpayment status: refunded / creator recipient 0x3333...3333ledger 0x194b0a8e...1c75d0 / prev 0x986a7536...b60ab2
0.0022000x194b0a8e...1c75d0